Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, although men can also develop it in rare cases. It occurs when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably, often forming a lump or mass, which can be detected through self-exams, mammograms, or clinical exams. While not all lumps are cancerous, those that are malignant may invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

There are several types of breast cancer, the most common being invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). IDC starts in the milk ducts and can spread to surrounding tissue, while ILC originates in the milk-producing glands. Other types include inflammatory breast cancer, which is aggressive and can cause the breast to become red and swollen, and triple-negative breast cancer, which lacks three common receptors used in targeted therapies, making it more challenging to treat.

Several risk factors are associated with breast cancer, some of which are genetic and others related to lifestyle. Family history, age, gender, and inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk. Lifestyle factors, including diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity, also play a role. Early menstruation, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy can increase risk due to prolonged exposure to estrogen.

Early detection is critical for successful treatment. Regular self-exams, mammograms, and awareness of changes in the breast can aid early diagnosis, improving treatment outcomes. Treatment options vary depending on the cancer’s stage, size, and specific characteristics. They include surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy), radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies. The choice of treatment often involves a personalized approach, balancing effectiveness with potential side effects.