Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is a rare group of tumors that develop from the placental tissues during pregnancy. GTN is part of a broader category called Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD), which includes both benign and malignant forms. The malignant forms, termed GTN, have the potential to spread beyond the uterus and require prompt medical intervention. The most common types of GTN include choriocarcinoma, invasive mole, placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). These tumors arise from the trophoblast cells, which play a role in the development of the placenta and are essential for a successful pregnancy.

GTN often develops following an abnormal pregnancy, such as a molar pregnancy, where abnormal fertilization leads to a nonviable pregnancy. However, GTN can also arise after a normal pregnancy, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy. Symptoms can vary but commonly include irregular vaginal bleeding, elevated levels of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), and abdominal pain. Since hCG levels are usually elevated during pregnancy, persistently high hCG after pregnancy completion can signal GTN and warrant further investigation.

With proper treatment, the prognosis for GTN is excellent, with high survival rates and a good chance of preserving fertility. Early detection and tailored treatment are crucial, making awareness and prompt medical evaluation essential for women who experience abnormal bleeding or elevated hCG after pregnancy.